ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (Non-Ionising Radiation)

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are a form of non-ionising radiation. They are created wherever there is a flow of electricity around any operating or electrical appliance. Magnetic fields occur wherever there is a current and the field is stronger where the current is greater. Electric fields occur wherever there is a voltage and again, the higher the voltage, the stronger the electric field. The fields become weaker as the distance from the source increases. Environmental exposure to man-made EMFs has steadily increased; this is due to increased demands for the provision and consumption of electricity, advances in broadcasting and telecommunications technology during the last thirty years.

The hazards - research into the health effects of EMFs has been inconclusive to date. A number of research studies have suggested that there may be health problems associated with electromagnetic radiation generated by mobile phones, overhead power lines and visual display units (VDUs). In January 2002 the government commissioned a £7.4m extensive research programme using human volunteers to assess the safety of mobile phones that is designed to decide whether mobiles pose a risk. Groups of workers who are most at risk from any possible health hazards from EMFs include radio and power line workers, switching station operators and some communications systems workers. In addition, welding and work in iron and steel works results in high exposure rates. Arc welding, for example, generates very strong EMFs.

Dealing with the hazards - the Health and Safety executive (HSE) is involved in research into the health effects of electromagnetic radiation, but as yet has not published any guidance on EMFs at work. Both the HSE and The National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) maintain that there are no health risks from EMFs from VDU equipment.

Electrical equipment - this should be switched off and unplugged when not in use. Any new electrical equipment should be checked to confirm that it does not generate strong magnetic fields; fixed installations, which generate high-strength fields, such as transformers and switching stations, should be sited away from the work site. Low voltage and shielded equipment should be used and workers should keep as far away from equipment as possible.

Mobile phones - workers should always use a normal phone if one is available, but if using a mobile then the antennae should be extended and a gap left between the ear and the phone. Workers should limit the number and duration of calls, taking an adequate break after lengthy calls or prolonged use. The use of mobile phones in confined spaces should be avoided and lower- emission phones should be used if possible.

VDU workstations - users should sit at least 40 inches away from the back or side of an adjacent VDU where EMF emissions are highest and at least 20-24 inches from the screen. New VDUs should meet the “MRP2” standard set by the Swedish radiological protection board and there should be spot checks of EMF emissions levels. Retrofit devices can be fitted to VDUs to block magnetic field emissions.

The law - there is no specific law on EMFs as their impact on health is still uncertain. At European level, there has been discussion about a directive on physical agents, which, if adopted, would lead to legislation regulating electromagnetic fields.

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